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How to write abbreviations?

The abbreviation is a borrowing from the Italian language: abbreviatura means abbreviation. Abbreviations arise due to the mode of speech economy inherent in any language.

Linguistics defines what an abbreviation is - it is a word formed from parts of stems, syllables or the initial letters of phrases. The meaning of such language units is revealed when deciphering: BDT - Bolshoi Drama Theatre, university - higher educational institution, philological faculty - philological faculty.

The abbreviation has been known to mankind since ancient times; what it is - the ancient Romans already knew. On Roman coins, next to the portraits of emperors, you can see IMP (emperor), AVG (August), PP (Pater Patriae - Father of the Fatherland).

Examples of abbreviations are often found in oral and written speech outside of style.

How to do declension of abbreviations?

Let's analyze what an abbreviation is in Russian, what forms of change these words have.

Most abbreviated words consisting of initial letters or sounds are not inflected. First of all, ending in a vowel: OSAGO, TSB, Moscow State University, etc. If the last letter is a consonant, in rare cases, declension is possible, they are specified in reference books. For example, they recommend declining abbreviations in Russian: VAK, Moscow Art Theater, GOST, OMON, AIDS. On the letter, the ending is highlighted with a lowercase letter: Today is the premiere at the Moscow Art Theater. Bread was baked according to GOST. In oral speech, more abbreviations are allowed to decline, for example: There is an eight-kilometer traffic jam on the Moscow Ring Road. Compare in official documents: An accident occurred on the Moscow Ring Road.

Abbreviations are called nouns formed according to a certain model. They agree with adjectives in a sentence. To determine the gender of an adjective and associate it with an invariable abbreviation, you need to find out the main word in the transcript. Navy - navy, husband. genus - heroic Navy; RNL - Russian National Library, w. genus is a wonderful RNB.

The declension of abbreviations borrowed from other languages ​​follows the general rules. The genus is determined by Russian decoding. UNESCO, NATO - organization, f.b. There is the use of NATO as a word of the middle gender, by analogy with the words in -o. Permissible: NATO circulated the document.

How to determine the type of abbreviations, which in the process of their development began to be perceived as integral words and inclined? By association with declinable nouns: university, BAM, Gazprom, bum - m.r. (about the university, at BAM, with Gazprom, at the homeless).

In sentences with abbreviations formed from parts of the stems, we will see examples of declensions of various types:

• Partial abbreviations with the second part - a masculine or feminine noun in Im. case. My friend is an artist of the Mosconcert. Farmers received harvesters under government procurement.

• Words with the second part -com, -bat, -ruk, -bargaining, -fak. We are biology students. The conversation with the battalion commander was difficult. The military leader has a birthday today. We bought the suit at the military store.

What kinds exist? What are the similarities and differences between them?

The types of abbreviations differ in the way they are formed:

1. Initial, formed from initial letters or sounds. When using the former in speech, the names of the letters are pronounced. TRP- ge-te-o; Russian Railways - er-zhe-de. Sound abbreviations are read like a word: SMI, TASS, GUM.

2. Syllabic - made up of parts of words. Supply manager, special forces, battalion commander. Initial-syllabic, combining letters and syllables. KAMAZ, GLONASS.

3. Adding a part of a word to a whole. Sberbank, literary fund, city hospital.

4. The connection of a part of the base with the whole word in Creation. case. Library manager, manager. They do not bow: They sent us a new head of the laboratory.

5. The combination of the beginning of the first word and the beginning / end of the second. Moped, military registration and enlistment office.

See offers with abbreviations

Neither oral nor written practice can do without abbreviations. Writing rules:

• Initials are written in capital letters. GAI, WHO, STSI. Except: university, bunker. When adding suffixes - lowercase letters: The traffic cop checked the document. The official from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs prepared a speech. I received a strange text message.

• We write formations from parts of the bases in lowercase letters: supply manager, wall newspaper, social networks. The names of institutions begin with capital letters, like proper names: Sberbank, Gazprom, Ministry of Health.

Let's remember how to write abbreviations if these are foreign words:

• We write syllabic abbreviations in capital letters: FIFA, FIDE

• Abbreviations of foreign letters - through a hyphen. CNN, IQ

• Borrowings can be written in Latin: CD-ROM, DVD. When combined with a Russian word, a hyphen is put: DVD, Web design

The genus of foreign language abbreviations in Russian is determined by the Russian translation of the main borrowing word: WTO - World Trade Organization - organization, f. genus.

The idea of ​​what an abbreviation is in Russian is changing. At the present stage of language development, these lexemes receive a new model of education. In the Internet community, not abbreviations of words are used for communication, but abbreviations of whole sentences. The law of economy of speech efforts is manifested in action. In written communication, abbreviations expressing a message become familiar. Social network users create online dictionaries of Internet abbreviations: HAND (Have a nice day), AFAIK (As Far As I Know), etc. Most of the abbreviations are written in Latin, but Cyrillic variants also appear: OBS - one grandmother said, BMP - without the slightest idea, FAQ - frequently asked questions, SZOT - sorry for offtopic. New language units are highly expressive, they are not limited to a nominative function, but express emotions and judgments about the facts under discussion.

Abbreviations-neologisms are not nouns and do not have a category of gender. The new level of their use allows you to replace entire phrases with an abbreviation understandable to most users. These are new word-formation models, the fate of which in the language has not yet been determined. This is the material for the research of linguists.